Tricky but Easy Electrical Engineering!
Reactance Relay: In Reactance Relay the operating torque is obtained from the current and the restraining torque by the current and voltage of the directional element. This implies that Reactance Relay is an over-current Relay with directional Restraint. The directional element is so designed to give Maximum Torque Angle (MTA/RCA) of 90 degree. Therefore from … Read more
Distance Relays are of three types: · Impedance Relay · Reactance Relay · MHO Relay. Impedance Relay: As from Universal Relay Torque Equation, T = K1I2+K2V2+K3VICos(Ɵ-Ƭ)+K4 Where K1 = Constant K2 = Constant K3 = Constant K4 = Spring Torque V = Voltage fed to the Relay I = Current … Read more
Generally earth faults are Single Line to Ground (SLG) and Line-Line to Ground (LLG) faults. Earth faults are characterized by the presence of Zero Sequence Curren I0. Since, except for unbalance, normal system operation is not having Zero Sequence Current I0, much more sensitive pick-up is possible for earth fault by using zero sequence current … Read more
Why Directional Relay? For understanding the need of Directional Relay we consider a power system as shown in figure below. For fault at F1, Relay R2 is supposed to pick-up and operate the circuit breaker. Similarly for fault at F2, Relay R1 shall operate to isolate the faulty section from the healthy section. Now suppose … Read more
Protection schemes can be divided into two major groups: a) Unit schemes, and b) Non-unit schemes. a) Unit Scheme: Unit type schemes protect a specific area of the system i.e. a transformer, transmission line, generator or bus bar.The unit protection schemes are based on Kirchhoff’s Current Law – the sum of the currents entering an … Read more
In Substitution Method, the Resistance whose value is to be measured is compared with the Standard Resistance by some technique which is described in this section. The connection diagram for Substitution Method is given below. Here, R is the unknown Resistance, S the Standard variable Resistance, A is Ammeter and r is Regulating Resistance. When … Read more
Resistance is classified into three categories for the sake of Measurement. Different categories of Resistance are measured by different technique. That’s why they are classified. They are classified as Low Resistance: Resistance having value 1Ω or below are kept under this category. Medium Resistance: This category includes Resistance from 1Ω to 0.1 MΩ. High Resistance: … Read more
It is impossible to make a perfect / ideal circuit component which can have only one property. For example a Resistor do not have only resistance rather it have associated inductance and Capacitance too. Same is the case with Capacitor and Inductor. Therefore a circuit component have some impurity which causes unwanted quantities in the circuit known … Read more
We will discuss how to measure Capacitance and Dissipation Factor. Capacitance is measured by using Schering Bridge. What is this Schering Bridge? First we will discuss how to balance a bridge. As we know for balanced bridge, there should not be any current through the detector which means the potential difference across the detector … Read more
A Capacitor is a device which has the capability to store energy in its Electric Field. Therefore we can say that a Capacitor can store charge. There are many types of Capacitor but the most basic Capacitor is Parallel Plate Capacitor. We will consider this basic capacitor for getting idea of basic but important parameters … Read more